What is a slip and effect?

A slip occurs when a buffer over-or-underflows due to differences in timing. incoming data rate and outgoing data rate must be same.

Some services affected by slips:

• Voice
• Uncompressed - only 5% of slips lead to clicks
• Compressed - a slip will cause an audible click
• Facsimile
• A slip can wipe out several lines
• Modem
• A slip can cause several seconds of drop out
• Compressed video
• A slip can wipe out several lines
• More slip can freeze frames for several seconds
• Data
• Slips will reduce transmission throughput
• Retransmission can cause network congestion

A customer affected by slips

Slip rate due to frequency deviation

• Slip rate = fractional freq. dev /frame duration
• For 2 Mbit/s signals, frame duration = 125 micro second:
• 10E-11 = 1 slip in 4.8 months
• 2.10E-11 = 1 slip in 72 days
• 10E-10 = 1 slip in 14.5 days
• 10E-9 = 1 slip in 1.45 days
• 10E-8 = 6.9 slips per day
• 10E-7 = 2.9 slips per hour
• 10E-6 = 28.8 slips per hour
• 10E-5 = 132 slips per hour

Have you good synchronization?

You must have good synchronization with Primary Master Clock (PRC) better than 10E-11 because for limitation the slips and optimizing the network.